Table 3 Outcome measures identified within included sources of evidence

Wellbeing (n = 24)

Wellbeing Star (n = 7)

Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) (n = 5)

Patient Activation Measure (PAM) (n = 4)

Measure Yourself Concerns and Wellbeing (MYCAW) (n = 3)

Distance Travelled Questionnaire (n = 3)

ICEpop CAPability measure for Adults (ICECAP-A) (n = 4)

Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS) (n = 2)

Personal/Financial Wellbeing—Office of National Statistics (ONS) (n = 2)

Subjective Measure of Wellbeing—Canterbury Wellbeing Scale (n = 1)

HACT Wellbeing Value Calculator (n = 1)

Healthcare Utilization (n = 12)

No. of contacts with GP/primary care/A&E/hospital/secondary/community care (n = 11)

Demand for hospital-based health interventions—Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) (n = 2)

Medication utilisation (n = 2)

Risk of admission score (n = 1)

Quality of life (n = 12)

Health-related quality of life—EQ-5D 5/3L (n = 12)

Quality of life -The World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Measure (WHOQOL-BREF) (n = 1)

Health (n = 10)

Global Assessment of Health (EQ-VAS) (n = 3)

Body mass index (BMI) (n = 3)

Weight (n = 2)

Blood pressure (n = 2)

Glycated hemoglobin level (HbA) (n = 2)

Cholesterol level (n = 1)

Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale (RCFS) (n = 1)

PROMIS Global Health Short Form v1.2 (n = 1)

General Measure of Health—Short Form 12 (SF-12) (n = 1)

Activities of daily living—French Activity Index (n = 1)

Burden of treatment—Multimorbidity Burden of Treatment Questionnaire (n = 1)

Economic (n = 9)

Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (n = 6)

Social return on investment (SROI) (n = 3)

Social capital questionnaire (n = 1)

Secondary care cost impact (n = 1)

Loneliness (n = 5)

Loneliness—UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) (n = 2)

No. of group memberships (n = 2)

Campaign to End Loneliness measurement tool (n = 1)

Social Connectedness—Based on Adult Social Care and Public Health Outcome Framework (ASCOF/PHOF) indicator of social isolation and loneliness (n = 1)

Community belonging—single item from a population survey of social attitudes (n = 1)

Community asset participation (n = 1)

Community belonging—Hayward 1-item (n = 1)

Mental health (n = 5)

Depression and Anxiety—Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (n = 3)

Depression—The Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) (n = 1)

Depression—Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (n = 1)

Work and social functioning—Work and Social Adjustment Scale (n = 1)

Lifestyle (n = 4)

Lifestyle behaviors—smoking, alcohol, substance misuse (n = 2)

Fruit and vegetable intake questionnaire (n = 1)

Food literacy questionnaire (n = 1)

Alcohol Risk—Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) (n = 1)

Physical activity (n = 2)

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ short) (n = 1)

Participation in sport—Single Item Sport England Measure (n = 1)

Physical Activity—General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) (n = 1)

Social care and support (n = 2)

Social Care Outcomes—Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT) (n = 1)

Social support scale (n = 1)

Condition-specific (n = 1)

Self-care- The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) (n = 1)