Table 3 Type of primary outcomes

Xu, 2024 [29]

Maternal and neonatal outcomes

Guo, 2023 [23]

Self-management (diet, PA, SMBG)

Chahed, 2022 [46]

Hospitalisation days, BG, hypoglycaemia

Jin, 2022 [24]

Exercise

FBG, 2 h-PBG, 2 h-OGTT (postpartum)

Rokni, 2022 [36]

QoL

BG

Simsek Cetinkay, 2022 [48]

GDM knowledge

Diet, PA compliance

BG

Patient satisfaction

Tandon, 2022 [43]

BG

Fiskin, 2021 [47]

FBG, respiration rate, pulse rate, BP

Frank, 2021 [41]

FBG, PBG, HbA1c, maternal outcomes

Ghasemi, 2021 [31]

Self-care behaviours (diet, PA, medication pregnancy and diabetic mothers’ risk symptoms, and examination of fetal movement), QoL

OGTT (postpartum)

Renugasundari, 2021 [39]

Stress reduction, QoL

Heart rate, BP, BG

Meng, 2021 [27]

Anxiety

FBG, PBG, HbA1c, GWG, amniotic fluid index, pregnancy outcomes

Nursing satisfaction

Rafie, 2021 [35]

Problem-solving coping

Tian, 2021 [28]

BG

Kolivand, 2019 [33]

Self-efficacy

FBG, 2 h-PBG

Mirghafourvand, 2019 [34]

C-section, macrosomia, other neonatal outcomes

Shahzeidi, 2019 [37]

FBG, GWG, HbA1c

Liu, 2018 [25]

Weight loss

Tawfik, 2017 [45]

Women's knowledge and beliefs

Breastfeeding

GWG, postpartum weight

Uma, 2017 [13]

Maternal and neonatal outcomes

Zandinava, 2017 [38]

Self-care behaviours (diet, PA, medication), QoL

FBG, 1 h-OGTT, 2 h-OGTT

Anjana, 2016 [42]

PA

FBG, 1 h-PBG, 2 h-PBG, neonatal outcomes

Carreiro, 2016 [49]

BG

Kaur, 2016 [40]

FBG, PBG, lipid index

Khorshidi Roozbahani, 2015 [32]

FBG, postpartum screening rate

Ma, 2015 [26]

FBG, 2 h-PBG, HbA1c

Yang, 2014 [30]

Neonatal outcomes

Youngwanichsetha, 2014 [44]

FBG, PBG, HbA1c

Cao, 2012 [22]

Maternal and neonatal outcomes