Table 2 Outcome summaries
Study | Study design | Intervention | Sample size and participants | Duration of the intervention | Significance level | Direction of effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[23] Chao et al. 2010 | Pre-test-post-test design | An interactive CD-ROM on computer (actor playing the role of a pupil afflicted with AIDS and the use of the interactive nature of the CD-ROM to teach teachers how to deal with various situations) | 120 teachers | Not reported | p less than 0.01 | Decreased stigma |
[24] Ferris et al. 2019 | Pre-test-post-test design | A 2-day workshop on care and support with role play to empower teachers deal with HIV situations and included HIV transmission, risk factors, and actions that educators should know and undertake. All interventions though different involved provision of detailed information about HIV | 23 people | 6 months | p = 0.039 | Decreased self-stigma |
[25] Lifson et al. 2023 | Randomized trial | People living with HIV were assigned a Community Social Worker (CSW) living with HIV. CSWs provided health education on ART adherence. CSWs also provide personal counselling and social support. CSWs met with clients in the community weekly for the first 3 months and then 2–4 times per month as clients became more stable | 1799 people living with HIV | 36 months | CI − 6.6 to − 0.5 | Decreased internalized stigma |
[26] Chidrawi et al. 2014 | Pre-test-post-test design | A 2-day lecture and activity-based workshop for PLWH in both urban and rural settings, which focused on their personal and personal strength identification, followed by a series of six 3-day workshops attended by all PLWH and particular people living close to them from six designated groupings (spouses/partners, a child over 15 for each PLWH, a family member, a friend, a spiritual leader and a community member for all PLWH. Activity-based group workshops for PLWH and people close to them focused on an understanding of HIV stigma and coping with it, as well as the relationships among them. The second day focused on learning how to plan a project for HIV stigma reduction in their own community | 18 people living with HIV | 12 months | p = 0.02 | Decrease in HIV stigma |
[27] Low et al. 2013 | Randomized trial | Home-Based Counselling and Testing (HBCT) was implemented in the intervention group. The HBCT program began with a community sensitization program in which facilitators, usually drawn from the local community, worked with local government officials to explain the program to the community. Next, locally based counselors visited all of the households in the community to provide voluntary HIV counselling and testing to all consenting adults in a given household. Control group was deferred implementation of HBCT. These tests and the associated counseling were administered within the household, and couples were encouraged to test together. Individuals who tested positive for HIV were referred to the local treatment facilities administered by AMPATH for appropriate treatment | 2700 household heads and 313 community leaders | 18 months | p = 0.01 | Decreased enacted stigma |
[28] Masquillier et al. 2015 | Randomized controlled trial | Patients recruited into the study were randomly assigned to a control group or to a group who received additional peer adherence support and an additional nutrition support. Subjects were enrolled in the intervention for 11.7 months on average. Patients received an average of 7.6 visits from the peer adherence supporter each month. The peer adherence supporters were PLWHA who had been on ART for at least 12 months. Visits from peer adherence supporters took place at times and locations chosen by the ART patients receiving the support, whether at home, work, or elsewhere. When visiting the patient, the peer adherence supporter provided help with adherence and discussed any reasons why this could be difficult, such as stigma. They identified possible ART side effects and took action as appropriate. When necessary, the patient was referred to the clinic. Other topics, such as unemployment benefits or pensions, were also discussed | 630 people living with HIV | 12 months | p = 0.042 | Decreases internalized stigma |
[29] Norr et al. 2007 | Pre-test-post-test design | The intervention was called Mzake ndi Mzake (Friend-to-Friend), and it contained six 2-h sessions The sessions covered information on the need for HIV prevention and stigma reduction, sexuality and sexually transmitted diseases; HIV transmission, prevention, and testing, condom facts, values, and correct use, negotiating for safer sex with a partner; and, promoting community HIV prevention. Skill-building exercises to enhance self-efficacy for behavioral change, such as role plays and return demonstrations Peer groups were formed and then each of the peer groups selected two group members to facilitate the peer group sessions. Those volunteer facilitators received a day-long training session by the project team. First they were participants in all six sessions facilitated by the research team; then they gave return demonstrations of selected parts of the sessions, using other trainees as the peer group. The trainers and other trainees provided feedback to help improve their group facilitation skills. Each peer leader then received a manual to use in their respective peer groups for training | 328 teachers | Not reported | p less than 0.01 | Decreased stigma |
[30] Nyandiko et al. 2023 | Randomized trial | Teachers from intervention schools underwent HIV stigma-focused training using the TeachHADITHI Module. The intervention(TeachHADITHI module) included lecture presentations, narrative films featuring the stories of ALWH, an educational animation, teacher role-play scenarios, and a question-and-answer session facilitated by a trained ALWH peer educator. All teachers in the intervention schools received the same training, written and facilitated at the primary school language level, regardless of school level | 330 participants (teachers and adolescents living with HIV | 6 months | CI − 0.082 to 0.045 | No significant effect |
[31] Willis et.al. 2019 | Randomized controlled trial | Participants were allocated to one of the 9 trained and mentored CATS for additional support which included a weekly home visit. The CATS provided HIV and ART information and counselling. They also monitored adherence and well-being. In case of difficult in adherence and health, the CATS referred participants to a CATS mentor in their district. CATS additionally provided caregivers with information regarding referral for other services such as social welfare. All the 9 CATS attended a weekly feedback meeting with the CATS mentor at the clinic | 94 adolescents living with HIV | 12 months | p = 0.848 | No significant effect |