Table 1 Main characteristics of included trials
No | First Author, Year | Country | Average age, Mean ± SD, Years | Sample Size | BMI, Mean ± SD | Intervention | Study duration | Medicine | APBM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | I | C | I | C | I | C | I | C | Â | (Yes/No) | (Yes/No) |
1 | Zheng H 2019 | China | 58.2 ± 9.9 | 59.4 ± 10.5 | 209 | 104 | 25 ± 4.2 | 24.4 ± 3.5 | acupuncture | usual care | 6 weeks | No | Yes |
2 | Nina Terenteva 2018 | Russia | 57 ± 1 | 57 ± 1 | 23 | 22 | 30.5 ± 1.4 | 29.8 ± 1.5 | acupuncture | usual care | 8 weeks | No | No |
3 | Huang KY 2020 | China | 70.87 ± 5.65 | 72.87 ± 5.55 | 31 | 31 | 20.79 ± 2.58 | 21.05 ± 2.31 | acupuncture | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
4 | Wang YJ 2020 | China | 52.67 ± 11.23 | 54.53 ± 11.9 | 57 | 60 | NR | NR | acupuncture | usual care | 4 weeks | Yes | No |
5 | P. ZOU 2016 | Canada | 62 ± 11.2 | 62 ± 11.2 | 30 | 30 | 24.3 ± 2.5 | 24.3 ± 2.5 | DASH | usual care | 8 weeks | No | No |
6 | Sarah C. Couch 2021 | USA | 14.7 ± 2 | 14.7 ± 2 | 81 | 78 | NR | NR | DASH | usual care | 24 weeks | No | No |
7 | Zhang Y 2018 | China | 53 ± 8 | 53 ± 8 | 29 | 27 | NR | NR | acupuncture | usual care | 6 weeks | Yes | Yes |
8 | Victoria Arija 2018 | Spain | 67.4 ± 6.6 | 70.1 ± 9.3 | 152 | 55 | 30.5 ± 4.3 | 31.6 ± 4.4 | aerobic exercise | usual care | 36 weeks | Yes | No |
9 | Niken Fitri Astuti 2019 | Indonesia | 66.54 ± 5.67 | 67.48 ± 5.39 | 60 | 64 | NR | NR | music + stress reduction | usual care | 6 days | No | No |
10 | Debbie L 2016(1) | USA | 47.4 ± 13 | 47.4 ± 13 | 22 | 24 | 28.8 ± 6.7 | 28.2 ± 5.9 | yoga | lifestyle | 24 weeks | No | Yes |
11 | Debbie L 2016(2) | USA | 47.4 ± 13 | 47.4 ± 13 | 22 | 23 | 28.8 ± 6.7 | 31.2 ± 6.3 | yoga | yoga + lifestyle | 24 weeks | No | Yes |
12 | Debbie L 2016(3) | USA | 46.1 ± 13 | 46.1 ± 13 | 24 | 23 | 28.2 ± 5.9 | 31.2 ± 6.3 | lifestyle | yoga + lifestyle | 24 weeks | No | Yes |
13 | Zhou J 2023 | China | 66.94 ± 7.27 | 67.21 ± 6.56 | 280 | 300 | NR | NR | music | usual care | 48 weeks | Yes | No |
14 | Hong HY 2014 | China | 50 ± 10 | 50 ± 10 | 21 | 21 | NR | NR | acupuncture | usual care | 5 weeks | No | No |
15 | Jia SJ 2014 | China | 57.9 ± 3.81 | 57.7 ± 3.99 | 34 | 34 | NR | NR | acupuncture + tui na | acupuncture | 2 weeks | Yes | No |
16 | Shen ZF 2015 | China | 51.3 ± 6.7 | 55.6 ± 8.7 | 20 | 20 | NR | NR | tui na | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | Yes |
17 | Liu J 2017 | China | 43 ± 6.57 | 43 ± 6.57 | 80 | 77 | NR | NR | tai chi | usual care | 24 weeks | Yes | No |
18 | Wu XM 2015 | China | 49.1 ± 8.75 | 48.08 ± 8.81 | 49 | 50 | NR | NR | acupuncture | usual care | 8 weeks | No | Yes |
19 | Tang ZL 2019 | China | 55.45 ± 7.19 | 55.43 ± 7.17 | 54 | 54 | NR | NR | acupuncture | usual care | 5 weeks | Yes | No |
20 | Dai GY 2020 | China | 54.78 ± 4.02 | 55.78 ± 4.54 | 50 | 50 | NR | NR | lifestyle + tui na | lifestyle | 4 weeks | Yes | No |
21 | M Wolff 2016 | Sweden | 64.7 ± 9.2 | 64.8 ± 7.6 | 96 | 95 | 28.4 ± 3.8 | 28.3 ± 4.2 | yoga | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
22 | Alan L. Hinderliter 2021(1) | USA | 52.3 ± 10 | 52.3 ± 10 | 25 | 23 | 33.5 ± 4.4 | 32.8 ± 3.4 | DASH + aerobic exercise | DASH | 16 weeks | No | No |
23 | Alan L. Hinderliter 2021(2) | USA | 52.3 ± 10 | 52.3 ± 10 | 25 | 25 | 33.5 ± 4.4 | 33 ± 3.9 | DASH + aerobic exercise | usual care | 16 weeks | No | No |
24 | Alan L. Hinderliter 2021(3) | USA | 51.8 ± 10 | 51.8 ± 10 | 23 | 25 | 32.8 ± 3.4 | 33 ± 3.9 | DASH | usual care | 16 weeks | No | No |
25 | Kow Fei Ping 2018 | Malaysia | 62.6 ± 9.6 | 59.7 ± 9.6 | 42 | 45 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 25.7 ± 3.5 | music + breathing exercise | music | 8 weeks | Yes | No |
26 | Liu Y 2021 | China | 60.5 ± 8.9 | 61.2 ± 6.5 | 60 | 60 | NR | NR | lifestyle | usual care | 48 weeks | Yes | No |
27 | Zhang M 2021 | China | 58.33 ± 4.9 | 58.3 ± 5.19 | 240 | 240 | NR | NR | music | usual care | 8 weeks | Yes | No |
28 | Fatai Adesina Maruf 2016 | Nigeria | 50.8 ± 8.31 | 54.75 ± 8.56 | 60 | 60 | 27.45 ± 4.99 | 25.41 ± 4.7 | aerobic exercise | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
29 | Zhang HR 2016(1) | China | 50.05 ± 10.74 | 50.19 ± 10.05 | 29 | 29 | 23.19 ± 3.17 | 23.52 ± 2.87 | acupuncture + music | acupuncture | 5 weeks | No | No |
30 | Zhang HR 2016(2) | China | 50.05 ± 10.74 | 49.93 ± 10.53 | 29 | 29 | 23.19 ± 3.17 | 22.48 ± 2.76 | acupuncture + music | usual care | 5 weeks | No | No |
31 | Zhang HR 2016(3) | China | 50.19 ± 10.05 | 49.93 ± 10.53 | 29 | 29 | 23.52 ± 2.87 | 22.48 ± 2.76 | acupuncture | usual care | 5 weeks | No | No |
32 | Chunhua Ma 2018 | China | 70.24 ± 10.25 | 69.71 ± 10.84 | 79 | 79 | 26.01 ± 3.38 | 25.96 ± 2.91 | tai chi | usual care | 24 weeks | Yes | No |
33 | Shivaprasad Shetty 2023 | India | 46.93 ± 8.92 | 52.03 ± 6.95 | 60 | 60 | 27.2 ± 4.2 | 27.1 ± 4.8 | yoga | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
34 | Anahita Babak 2022 | Iran | 48.67 ± 1.42 | 49.32 ± 2.31 | 40 | 40 | NR | NR | stress reduction | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
35 | Isabella da Silva Almeida 2022(1) | Brazil | 51.6 ± 4.2 | 49.9 ± 6.6 | 10 | 10 | 29.9 ± 5.6 | 31.6 ± 5.7 | aerobic exercise + yoga | usual care | 16 weeks | Yes | Yes |
36 | Isabella da Silva Almeida 2022(2) | Brazil | 51.6 ± 4.2 | 49 ± 7.4 | 10 | 10 | 29.9 ± 5.6 | 30 ± 7.3 | aerobic exercise + yoga | yoga | 16 weeks | Yes | Yes |
37 | Isabella da Silva Almeida 2022(3) | Brazil | 49 ± 7.4 | 49 ± 7.4 | 10 | 10 | 30 ± 7.3 | 31.6 ± 5.7 | yoga | usual care | 16 weeks | Yes | Yes |
38 | Shou XL 2018 | China | 51 ± 7.09 | 51 ± 7.09 | 98 | 100 | 26.71 ± 1.9 | 26.71 ± 1.7 | lifestyle + tai chi | lifestyle | 12 weeks | No | No |
39 | Anastasios Vamvakis 2020 | Greece | 48.4 ± 10.2 | 48.4 ± 11.3 | 38 | 38 | 29.7 ± 5.1 | 28.8 ± 4.1 | aerobic exercise + low sodium diet | usual care | 24 weeks | No | No |
40 | Nina Pinjuh Markota 2014 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 59.4 ± 13 | 59.4 ± 13 | 76 | 74 | 26.1 ± 3 | 26.4 ± 2.5 | low sodium diet | usual care | 8 weeks | No | Yes |
41 | Mohammad Reza Izadi 2017 | Iran | 60.87 ± 5.71 | 62.44 ± 5.1 | 15 | 15 | 25.23 ± 0.55 | 25.17 ± 0.84 | aerobic exercise | usual care | 6 weeks | Yes | No |
42 | Raphael Miranda Ramos 2018 | Brazil | 60.5 ± 0.2 | 60.7 ± 0.4 | 12 | 12 | 30.5 ± 1.5 | 33.1 ± 2.8 | aerobic exercise | usual care | 12 weeks | No | No |
43 | Jin Ho Hwang 2014 | South Korea | 48.2 ± 12.2 | 50.7 ± 14.3 | 119 | 126 | NR | NR | low sodium diet | usual care | 8 weeks | Yes | No |
44 | Masahiro Nakano 2015 | Japan | 57.5 ± 13.7 | 60.1 ± 13.1 | 51 | 44 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 25.1 ± 3.7 | low sodium diet | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | Yes |
45 | Kimberly Blom 2013 | Canada | 57 ± 12 | 57 ± 12 | 50 | 51 | 28 ± 4.6 | 27 ± 5.1 | stress reduction | usual care | 12 weeks | No | Yes |
46 | Aileen Wai Kiu Chan 2018(1) | China | 64.7 ± 7.59 | 65.13 ± 10.22 | 20 | 20 | 25.72 ± 4.04 | 26.38 ± 4.26 | tai chi | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
47 | Aileen Wai Kiu Chan 2018(2) | China | 64.7 ± 7.59 | 63.22 ± 11.11 | 20 | 20 | 25.72 ± 4.04 | 25.9 ± 4.39 | tai chi | aerobic exercise | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
48 | Aileen Wai Kiu Chan 2018(3) | China | 63.22 ± 11.11 | 55 ± 11 | 20 | 20 | 25.9 ± 4.39 | 26.38 ± 4.26 | aerobic exercise | usual care | 12 weeks | Yes | No |
49 | Pan XG 2015 | China | 56.37 ± 3.95 | 56.88 ± 3.95 | 24 | 16 | 24.92 ± 1.82 | 24.19 ± 2.43 | tai chi | usual care | 12 weeks | No | No |
50 | Sun J 2015 | China | 45–64 | 45–64 | 136 | 130 | 23.38 ± 3.05 | 23.5 ± 3.99 | tai chi | usual care | 48 weeks | No | No |
51 | Satish G Patil 2014 | India | 68.68 ± 4.97 | 69.17 ± 5.99 | 28 | 29 | 24.65 ± 3.76 | 25.54 ± 3.41 | yoga | usual care | 12 weeks | No | No |
52 | Dagmara Hering 2013 | Italy | 37 ± 4 | 37 ± 4 | 10 | 12 | 26 ± 0.9 | 27 ± 0.7 | breathing exercise | usual care | 8 weeks | No | No |
53 | Rodrigues MP 2023 | Brazil | 61.9 ± 10.2 | 61.7 ± 9.9 | 60 | 60 | 30.5 ± 5.4 | 30.4 ± 4.9 | low sodium diet | usual care | 24 weeks | Yes | Yes |
54 | Duus CL 2024 | Denmark | 66 ± 8 | 64 ± 9 | 48 | 24 | 26.9 ± 3.2 | 28.5 ± 4.2 | low sodium diet | usual care | 4 weeks | Yes | Yes |