Table 8 Benefits of Patient and Stakeholder Engagement (PSE) in the research process

Sims et al. [32]

Roach et al. [29]

McShan et al. [7]

Brown et al. [13]

Arnold et al. [28]

▪ Improving the quality of study

▪ Simplifying interview questions

▪ Providing an alternative way of data analysis

▪ Improving decision-making in the field of the study process (receiving funds, choosing scientific guides)

▪ Improving the credibility of the study

▪ Promoting the use of study results for the general public, policymakers, and other stakeholders

▪ Providing a realistic, unique, and diverse view in the process of research design and implementation

▪ Helping researchers to better understand the views and opinions of the study audience

▪ Helping to develop programs with higher health literacy

▪ Changing the knowledge and views of stakeholders, which led to their roles and scope of engagement evolving over time

▪ Achieving more relevant and meaningful studies

▪ Create space for sharing views and better mutual understanding of stakeholders and researchers

▪ Hearing the voices and opinions of people whose voices are less heard in society

▪ Democratic design of the study process and reduction of discrimination

▪ Improving the study design and associated outcomes, and ensuring cultural appropriateness of materials

▪ Increasing recruitment and retention of research subjects

▪ Injecting transparency, and accountability into the research process

▪ Reduced length of surveys administered to study participants

▪ Ensuring study goals and project activities are meaningful and patient-centered

▪ Grown research team’s understanding of the scope, value, and importance of partnering with patients in research