Table 2 Risk of bias and applicability concerns for included studies based on the QUADAS-2 assessment form
| Â | Risk of bias* | Concerns regarding applicability** | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, year | Patient selection | Index text | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard |
Case control | |||||||
 Laqqan, 2021 | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
 Jayaprakasan, 2008 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Riggs, 2008 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Durmusoglu, 2004 | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
Cross sectional | |||||||
 Peluso, 2020 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Aghssa, 2015 | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
 Aydin, 2015 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Martı´nez, 2013 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Mehraffza, 2012 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
 Baker, 2018 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Cohort | |||||||
 Dermolo, 2024 | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 La Marca, 2023 | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Laqqan, 2023 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Laqqan, 2022 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Sun, 2022 | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
 Esteves, 2021 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Kasapoglu, 2021 | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
 Izhar, 2021 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Neves, 2020 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Lee, 2020 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Zheng, 2017 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Lerman, 2017 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Li, 2016 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Nardo, 2009 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Tremellen, 2005 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Muttukrishna, 2005 | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |