Table 1 The results regarding the association between sleep duration and hypertension in included studies

Elizabeth et al. (2012)^a

0/4/10

–

≥ 18 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

–

–

–

Wang et al. (2012)

0/0/17

105,432

≥ 18 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

4 ~ 5 h/ ≤ 5/ ≤ 6/ < 7 h

–

1.20(1.09,1.32)

90,356

≥ 9 h/10 ~ 15 h

–

1.11(1.05,1.17)

0/6/0

9959

hypertension

Sleep duration

4 ~ 5 h/ ≤ 5/ ≤ 6/ < 7 h

1.11(0.84,1.47)

–

9381

≥ 9 h/10 ~ 15 h

0.83(0.52,1.33)

–

Guo et al. (2013)

0/0/21

225,858

≥ 18 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

≤ 5/6

–

1.21(1.09,1.34)

≥ 9 h

–

1.11(1.04,1.18)

0/6/0

≤ 5/6

1.23(1.06,1.42)

–

≥ 9 h

1.02(0.91,1.14)

–

Lin et al. (2013)

0/7/0

22,522

≥ 18 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

< 5/6 h

1.21(1.05,1.40)

–

> 7/ > 8/ ≥ 9/10 ~ 15 h

0.96(0.76,1.21)

–

Wang et al. (2015)

0/7/6

347,759

≥ 18 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

≤ 5 h vs 7 h

–

1.23(1.01,1.49)

6 h vs 7 h

–

1.13(1.02,1.25)

8 h vs 7 h

–

1.06(0.96,1.17)

≥ 9 h vs 7 h

–

1.18(1.03,1.36)

Osamu et al. (2016)

0/11/0

5,172,710

≥ 20 years

healthy outcomes (including hypertension)

Short sleep duration

< 4 h

0.93(0.47,1.84)

–

< 5 h

1.17(1.08,1.26)

–

< 6 h

1.22(0.93,1.60)

–

Maki et al. (2017)

0/8/0

5,134,036

> 20 years

healthy outcomes (including hypertension)

Long sleep duration

> 7 h

1.05 (0.92,1.20)

–

> 8 h

1.05(0.85,1.30)

–

> 9 h

1.00(0.95,1.06)

–

> 10 h

0.60 (0.35,1.03)

–

Aaron et al. (2018)^a

0/2/7

–

< 21 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

–

–

–

Jiang et al. (2018)

0/0/7

21,150

10 – 18 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

Short sleep duration

–

1.51(1.04,2.19)

Sleep duration

Long sleep duration

–

1.04(0.78,1.38)

Li et al. (2018)

0/9/0

48,525

≥ 18 years

hypertension

≤ 5 h vs 7 h

1.33(1.04,1.70)

–

Sleep duration

6 h vs 7 h

1.09(1.05,1.14)

–

9 h vs 7 h

0.94(0.91,0.97)

–

> 9 h vs 7 h

0.96(0.75,1.23)

–

Han et al. (2019)

4/24/47

1,074,207

–

hypertension

Sleep duration

≤ 5 h

–

1.448(1.252,1.674)

≤ 6 h

–

1.138(1.036,1.250)

≤ 7 h

–

1.196(1.064,1.344)

≥ 8 h

–

1.129(1.033,1.235)

≥ 9 h

–

1.162(1.057,1.279)

≥ 10 h

–

1.411(1.066,1.866)

Emanuela et al. (2020)^a

0/2/12

4902

15–18 years

hypertension

Sleep duration

–

–

–

6940

12–15 years

1187

12–18 years

238

13–16 years

Wang et al. (2020)

0/11/0

85,838

–

hypertension

Sleep duration

≤ 7 h

1.161(1.058,1.274)

–

≥ 8 h

1.059(0.951,1.180)

–

Che et al. (2021)

0/13/0

300,202

≥ 18 years

Metabolic disease (including hypertension)

Sleep duration

< 6 h

1.16(1.02,1.31)

–

> 8 h

1.13(1.04,1.24)

–

Sidhi et al. (2022)^a

0/10/0

361,041

–

hypertension

Sleep duration

–

–

–