Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
1st author | Year | Nation | Design | Donor organ | Sample size (intervention/control) | Interventions | Primary outcome of recipient | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Site | Cycle, compression time | Secondary outcome of recipient | ||||||
Bang | 2019 | South Korea | RCT | Living donor | Donors 170 (85/85) Recipients 168 (85/83) | Preconditioning to donor | Upper arm | 3, 5 min | • Serum creatinine level (sCr) at discharge • Estimated glomerular function rate (eGFR) at discharge |
• Time required for a 50% decrease in baseline sCr concentration (tCr50) • eGFR at postoperative 12 months • Incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) • Acute rejection within postoperative 12 months • Graft failure within postoperative 12 months | |||||||||
Bongu | 2017 | USA | RCT (poster only) | Brain death donor | 320 (155/166) | Preconditioning to donor | Thigh | 4, 5 min | • Incidence of DGF • Death-censored kidney graft survival |
Chen | 2013 | China | RCT (Letter to Editor) | Living donor | 60 (20/20/20) | Preconditioning to donor or recipient | Upper leg | 3, 5 min | • Incidence of DGF • Urine volume within postoperative 72 h • sCr within postoperative 72 h • Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) within postoperative 72 h • Urine retinol-binding protein (RBP) within postoperative 72 h • Urine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity within postoperative 72 h • Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity within postoperative 72 h • Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) within postoperative 72 h • Postoperative stay in hospital (PODs) • Total costs during hospitalization • Severe adverse effects |
Kim | 2014 | South Korea | RCT, Double-blinded | Living donor | 60 (30/30) | Postconditioning to recipient | Upper arm, free of AV fistula | 3, 5 min | • sCr during postoperative 96 h • eGFR during postoperative 96 h • Daily urine output until postoperative day 7 • Daily urine creatinine until postoperative day 7 • Incidence of acute rejection • incidence of DGF • Length of hospital stay (LOS) • POD • tCr50 • Incidence of tCr50 less than 12, 24, and 36 h • Incidence of sCr normalization time less than 48, 72, 96 h • sCr at postoperative 1 year • eGFR at postoperative 1 year |
Krogstrup (CONTEXT study) | 2017 | Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands (4 centers, 3 nations) | RCT | Brain/cardiac death donor | 222 (109/113) | Preconditioning to recipient | Thigh, contralateral to transplant side | 4, 5 min | • tCr50 |
• Primary non-function (PNF) • Postoperative dialysis • Measured GFR(mGFR) at postoperative day 5 • eGFR at postoperative day 21 • Plasma NGAL during postoperative 3 days • LOS • Serious adverse events within postoperative 7 days | |||||||||
MacAllister (REPAIR study) | 2015 | UK, Netherlands, Belgium, France (13 centers, 4 nations) | RCT, double-blinded | Living donor | 391 (98/99/99/95) | Preconditioning to donor and recipient | Upper arm | 4, 5 min | • mGFR at postoperative 12 months |
• tCr50 • eGFR at postoperative 3, 12 months • Plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) during postoperative 1 ~ 5 days • Protein expression changes in renal tissue • Renal graft cortical tubulointerstitial fibrosis at postoperative 6 months • Incidence of DGF • Incidence of acute rejection within postoperative 12 months • sCr and eGFR at postoperative 2 to 5 years • Patient survival at postoperative 12 months and 2 to 5 years • Graft survival at postoperative 3 months and 2 to 5 years | |||||||||
Nicholson | 2015 | UK | RCT, double-blinded | Living donor | 80 (40/40) | Preconditioning to recipient | Thigh, contralateral to transplant site | 4, 5 min | • eGFR at postoperative 1 and 3 months |
• sCr at postoperative 1 and 3 months • Incidence of PNF • Incidence of DGF • Creatinine reduction ratio (CRR) at postoperative day 2 • Incidence of acute rejection • Incidence of graft failure | |||||||||
Nielsen | 2019 | Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands (4 centers, 3 nations) | RCT, 1 year follow-up of CONTEXT study | Brain/cardiac death donor | 222 (109/113) | Preconditioning to recipient | Thigh, contralateral to transplant side | 4, 5 min | • tCr50 |
• mGFR at postoperative at postoperative 3 and 12 months • eGFR at postoperative 3 and 12 months • sCr, plasma cystatin C, urine Cr, urine albumin at postoperative 3 and 12 months • Plasma NGAL at postoperative 3 and 12 months • Incidence of DGF • Incidence of rejection within postoperative 3 and 12 months • Incidence of new-onset diabetes after transplantation within postoperative 3 and 12 months • Patient survival within postoperative 3 and 12 months | |||||||||
Veighey | 2019 | UK, Netherlands, Belgium, France (13 centers, 4 nations) | RCT, Long-term follow-up of REPAIR study | Living donor | 406 (102/103/102/99) | Preconditioning to donor and recipient | Upper arm | 4, 5 min | • Changes of eGFR during postoperative 5 years • Graft loss within postoperative 5 years • Mortality at postoperative 3 months • Annual mortality within postoperative 5 years |
Wu | 2014 | China | RCT | Cardiac death donor | 48 (24/24) | Preconditioning to recipient | Unilateral lower limb by clamping the external iliac artery | 3, 5 min | • Incidence of DGF • Incidence of acute rejection • eGFR during postoperative 30 days • Urine NGAL • Renal tissue analysis |