Table 3 Primary and secondary outcomes
Study | Successful ECV | Vaginal delivery | Cesarean delivery | Vaginal breech delivery | Emergency Cesarean delivery | Transient fetal bradycardia | Nonreassuring fetal testing (excluding transient bradycardia) after ECV | Maternal discomfort | Maternal pain score | Abruption placentae | Vaginal bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage | Maternal satisfaction scores | Hypotension |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schorr et al, 1997 [27] | 24/35 (68.6%) vs 11/34 (32.3%) | 23/35 (65.7%) vs 7/34 (20.6%) | 12/35 (34.3%) vs 27/34 (79.4%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 1/35 (2.8%) vs 4/34 (11.8%) | Not reported | 0/35(0%) vs 0/34(0%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Dugoff et al, 1999 [9] | 22/50 (44.0%) vs 22/52 (42.3%) | 16/50 (32.0%) vs 25/52 (48.1%) | 34/50 (68.0%) vs 27/52 (51.9% | 0/50 (0.0%) vs 0/52 (0.0%) | 0/50 (0.0%) vs 1/52 (1.9%) | 11/50 (22.0%) vs 6/52 (12.0%) | 0/50 (0.0%) vs 1/52 (1.9%) | 0/50 (0.0%) vs 4/52 (8.0%) | Not reported | 0/50 (0.0%) vs 1/52 (1.9%) | Not reported | Not reported | 4/50(8%) vs 0/52(0%) |
Mancuso et al, 2000 [8] | 32/54 (59.2%) vs 18/54(33.3%) | 29/54 (53.7%) vs 17/54 (31.5%) | 25/54 (46.3%) vs 37/54 (68.5%) | 1/54 (1.8%) vs 3/54 (5.5%) | 0/54 (0.0%) vs 0/54 (0.0%) | 2/54 (3.7%) vs 3/54 (5.5%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 0/54 (0.0%) vs 0/54 (0.0%) | Not reported | Not reported | 0/54(0%) vs 0/54(0%) |
Weiniger et al, 2007 [28] | 24/36 (66.6%) vs 11/34 (32.3%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 0/36 (0.0%) vs 0/34 (0.0%) | Not reported | 2/36 (5.5%) vs 0/34 (0.0%) | Higher in control group | VAS (0=no pain, 10=severe pain) 1.76±2.7 vs 6.84±3.1 | 0/36 (0.0%) vs 0/34 (0.0%) | Not reported | Not reported | 7/36(19.4%) vs 0/34(0%) |
Weiniger et al, 2010 [29] | 27/31 (87.0%) vs 19/33 (57.6%) | 27/31 (87.1%) vs 30/33 (91.0%) | 4/31 (12.9%) vs 3/33 (9.1%) | 0/31 (0.0%) vs 3/33 (9.1%) | 0/31 (0.0%) vs 0/33 (0.0%) | 2/31 (6.4%) vs 1/33 (3.0%) | 1/31 (3.0%) vs 0/33 (0.0%) | Higher in control group | VAS (0=no pain, 10=severe pain) 1.7±2.4 vs 5.5±2.9 | 0/31 (0.0%) vs 0/33 (0.0%) | Not reported | Not reported | 10/31(32%) vs 0/33(0%) |
Burgos et al, 2013 [11] | 157/300(52.3%) vs 79/150(52.7%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 3/300(1%) vs 2/150(1.3%) | 1/300(0.3%) vs 1/150(0.7%) | 0/300(0.0%) vs 1/150(0.7%) | Not reported | Numeric rating scale (1–3: mild pain, 4–7: moderate pain, 8–10: severe pain) 6 [4–7] vs 7 [5–8] | Not reported | 4/300(1.3%) vs 4/150(2.6%) | Not reported | Not reported |
Munoz et al, 2014 [12] | 17/31 (54.8%) vs 12/29 (41.3%) | 14/31(45.2%) vs 11/29(37.9%) | 17/31(54.8%) vs 16/29(55.2%) | Not reported | Not reported | 3/31(9.7%) vs 9/29(31.0%) | Not reported | 2/31(6.5%) vs 4/29(13.8%) | Numerical rating scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable) 4.7 ± 2.5 vs 6.5 ± 2.4 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Khaw et al, 2015 [10] | 52/63 (82.5%) vs 40/63 (63.5%) vs 40/63(63.5%) | 52/63(83%) vs 40/63(64%) vs 40/63(64%) | 23/63(36.5%) vs 32/63(50.8%) vs 32/63(50.8%) | Not reported | 3/63(4.8%) vs 6/63(9.6%) vs 3/63(4.8%) | Not reported | 3/63(4.8%) vs 6/63(9.6%) vs 3/63(4.8%) | Higher in control group | VAS (0 mm=none, 100 mm=most extreme) 0[0-0]vs 35[0-60] vs 50 [30-75] | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Liu et al, 2016 [14] | 43/76(56.5%) vs 30/76(39.5%) | 64/76(84.2%) vs 70/76(92.1%) | 12/76(15.8%) vs 6/76(7.9%) | Not reported | Not reported | 4/76(5.3%) vs 7/76(9.2%) | Not reported | Not reported | NRPS (0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable) 4.6±2.6 vs 6.5±2.7 | Not reported | Not reported | Numerical rating scale (0=completely dissatisfied, 10=completely satisfied) 9.6 ±1.4 vs 6.4 ± 3.7 | 1/76(1.3%) vs 0/76(0%) |
Wang et al, 2017 [30] | 41/72 (56.9%) vs 28/72 (38.9%) | 37/72(51.4%) vs 24/72(33.3%) | 35/72(48.6%) vs 40/72(55.6%) | 0/72(0%) vs 8/72(11.1%) | Not reported | 2/72 (2.8%) vs 6/72 (8.3%) | Not reported | 7/72(9.7%) vs 10/72(13.9%) | VAS scale (0 =no pain, 10= worst pain imaginable) 4.3±2.2 vs 6.4 ±2.5 | Not reported | Not reported | Numerical rating scale (0 = completely dissatisfied, 10= completely satisfied) 9.3±0.9 vs 6.7±1.2 | 1/72 (1.4%) vs 0/72 (0%) |
Yang et al, 2019 [31] | 14/25 (56.0%) vs 7/21 (33.3%) | 11/25 (44%) vs 5/21 (23.8%) | 3/25(12%) vs 5/21(23.8%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 2/25(8%) vs 1/21(4.8%) | 0/25 (0.0%) vs 0/21 (0.0%) | VAS (0=no pain, 10=severe pain) 3.07±0.35 vs 6.47 ±0.51 | 0/25 (0.0%) vs 0/21 (0.0%) | 2/25(8%) vs 2/21(9.5%) | Not reported | 0/25 (0%) vs 0/21 (0%) |
Dochez et al, 2020 [15] | 18/74 (24.3%) vs 15/76 (19.7%) | 36/74(48.6%) vs 28/76 (36.8%) | 38/74 (51.4%) vs 47/76 (61.8%) | Not reported | 17/74 (23.0%) vs 13/76 (17.1%) | Fetal bradycardia (P = 0.34; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.24) | Not reported | 41/74 (55.4%) vs 7/76 (9.2%) | VAS scale (0 =no pain, 10= worst pain imaginable) 5.9 ± 2.4 vs 5.6 ± 2.3 | Not reported | Not reported | A patient satisfaction questionnaire 87.5% vs 85.9% | Not reported |
Zhang et al, 2020 [32] | 28/40(70%) vs 13/40(32.5%) | Not reported | 5/40(12.5%) vs 11/40(27.5%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Han et al, 2020 [33] | 46/63(69.8%) vs 13/41(31.8%) | 54/63(85.7%) vs 21/41(51.2%) | 9/63(14.3%) vs 20/41(48.8%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 2/63 (3.1%) vs 3/41 (7.3%) | Not reported | Not reported | 0/63 (0%) vs 1/41(2.4%) | 2/63(3.2%) vs 2/41(4.9%) | Not reported | Not reported |
Straube et al, 2021 [34] | 8/23 (34.8%) vs 10/25 (40.0%) | Not reported | 15/23 (65.2%) vs 17/25 (68.0%) | Not reported | 0/23 (0.0%) vs 0/25 (0.0%) | 0/23(0%) vs 2/25(8%) | 0/23 (0.0%) vs 0/25 (0.0%) | 8/23(34.8%) vs 4/25(16%) | A scale of 0–10 (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable) 5.5 ± 2.3 vs 5.4 ± 2.7 | 0/23 (0.0%) vs 0/25 (0.0%) | Not reported | Using a standardized data collection sheet (0 = not at all satisfied, 10 = extremely satisfied) 4.3 ± 4.0 vs 6.9 ± 3.6 | Not reported |
Yang et al, 2023 [35] | 44/67 (65.6%) vs 90/134 (67.2%) | Not reported | 29/67 (43.3) vs 47/134 (35.1%) | Not reported | 8/67 (11.9%) vs 6/134 (4.5%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 3/67 (4.5%) vs 0/134 (0%) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Total | 640/1103 (58.2%) vs 458/997 (45.9%) | 403/637 (63.3%) vs 318/614 (51.8%) | 298/767 (38.8%) vs 323/813 (39.7%) | 1/207 (0.5%) vs 14/211 (6.6%) | 37/561 (6.6%) vs 28/684 (4.1%) | 24/314 (7.6%) vs 32/316 (10.1%) | 16/654 (2.5%) vs 12/482 (2.5%) | 59/310 (19.1%) vs 33/309 (10.7%) | - | 3/384 (0.8%) vs 2/428 (0.5%) | 8/388 (2.1%) vs 8/212 (3.8%) | - | 23/344 (6.7%) vs 0/342 (0%) |
I2(%) | 59 | 74 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 79.3 | 94.1 | 0 | 0 | 97.2 | 0 |
RR or SMD | 1.37(1.19-1.58) | 1.23(1.03-1.47) | 0.69(0.53-0.91) | 0.16(0.04-0.74) | 1.57(0.97-2.54) | 0.72(0.36-1.47) | 1.12(0.54-2.34) | 0.96(0.30-3.02) | -1.28(-1.96 to -0.61) | 1.67(0.28-9.92) | 0.58(0.29-1.14) | 0.98(-0.55-2.52) | 8.41(2.23-31.62) |