Table 7 The assessment of GRADE
Author, publication year | Intervention measures (Intervention vs. Control) | Outcomes (Studies, sample size) | Relative effect (95%CI) | P value | I2 | Limitations | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
George A Kelley 2022 [22] | Tai Chi vs. Control group | WOMAC pain (8,407) | ES = − 0.75, 95%CI (− 0.99, − 0.51) | P = 0.26 | I2 = 21% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 |
WOMAC stiffness (8,407) | ES = − 0.7, 95%CI (− 0.95, − 0.46) | P = 0.21 | I2 = 27% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
WOMAC physical function (8,407) | ES = − 0.91, 95%CI (− 1.12, − 0.7) | P = 0.40 | I2 = 3% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
Jiale Guo 2022 [23] | Wuqinxi vs. Control group | WOMAC (6,560) | MD = − 105.76, 95%CI (− 161.38, − 50.14) | P < 0.01 | I2 = 85% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2 |
Pain (4,414) | MD = − 17.00, 95%CI (− 21.41, − 12.58) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
Stiffness (4,414) | MD = − 3.43, 95%CI (− 5.50, − 1.37) | P = 0.001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
Physical function (4,414) | MD = − 33.45, 95%CI (− 48.74, − 18.17) | P < 0.0001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
VAS (2,136) | MD = − 1.07, 95%CI (− 1.97, − 0.17) | P = 0.02 | I2 = 69% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Jun-Hong Yan 2013 [24] | Tai Chi vs. Control group | WOMAC pain (7,348) | SMD = − 0.45, 95%CI (− 0.70, − 0.20) | P = 0.0005 | I2 = 21% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,3,4 |
WOMAC stiffness (5,237) | SMD = − 0.31, 95%CI (− 0.60, − 0.02) | P = 0.04 | I2 = 17% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,3,4 | ||
WOMAC physical function (5,219) | SMD = − 0.61, 95%CI (− 0.85, − 0.37) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,3,4 | ||
Lidong Hu 2021 [25] | Tai Chi vs. No exercise | WOMAC pain (14, 877) | SMD = − 0.69, 95%CI (− 0.95, − 0.44) | P < 0.001 | I2 = 67% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2 |
WOMAC stiffness (12, 769) | SMD = − 0.65, 95%CI (− 0.98, − 0.33) | P < 0.01 | I2 = 77% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2 | ||
WOMAC physical function (13, 844) | SMD = − 0.92, 95%CI (− 1.16, − 0.69) | P < 0.001 | I2 = 57% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2 | ||
6MWT (6,426) | SMD = 0.55, 95%CI (0.10, 0.99) | P = 0.02 | I2 = 74% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2 | ||
TUG (5,225) | SMD = − 0.55, 95%CI (− 0.82, − 0.29) | P < 0.001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
Balance score (4,175) | SMD = 0.69, 95%CI (0.38, 0.99) | P < 0.001 | I2 = 39% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
SF-36PCS (5,409) | SMD = 0.48, 95%CI (0.28, 0.68) | P < 0.001 | I2 = 0.0191% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
SF-36CS (5,409) | SMD = 0.26, 95%CI (0.06,0.45) | P = 0.01 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
Depression score (3,319) | SMD = − 0.46, 95%CI (− 0.68, − 0.24) | P < 0.001 | I2 = 3% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
ASES (4,352) | SMD = 0.27, 95%CI (0.06,0.48) | P = 0.01 | I2 = 44% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
R. Lauche 2013 [26] | Tai Chi vs Control group | WOMAC/VAS pain (5,215) | SMD = − 0.72, 95%CI (− 1.00, − 0.44) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 |
WOMAC physical function (5,215) | SMD = − 0.72, 95%CI (− 1.01, − 0.44) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
WOMAC stiffness (5,215) | SMD = − 0.59, 95%CI (− 0.99, − 0.19) | P = 0.004 | I2 = 50% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
SF-36 MCS. (2,84) | SMD = 0.35, 95%CI (− 0.31,1.01) | P = 0.29 | I2 = 54% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
SF-36 PCS (2,84) | SMD = 0.88, 95%CI (0.42,1.34) | P = 0.0002 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
Ruojin Li 2020 [27] | TCE vs. Control group | WOMAC/KOOS pain (15,839) | SMD = − 0.61, 95%CI (− 0.86, − 0.37) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 64% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,4 |
WOMAC/KOOS stiffness (14,732) | SMD = − 0.75, 95%CI (− 1.09, − 0.41) | P < 0.0001 | I2 = 77% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,4 | ||
WOMAC/KOOS physical function (14,796) | SMD = − 0.67, 95%CI (− 0.82, − 0.53) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 34% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,4 | ||
Wen-Dien Chang 2016 [28] | Tai Chi vs. Control group | WOMAC pain (6,250) | SMD = − 0.41, 95%CI (− 0.67, − 0.14) | P = 0.0001 | I2 = 80% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 |
WOMAC stiffness (6,250) | SMD = − 0.20, 95%CI (− 0.45, − 0.05) | P = 0.02 | I2 = 59% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
WOMAC physical function (5,207) | SMD = − 0.16, 95%CI (− 0.44, − 0.11) | P = 0.14 | I2 = 41% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
6MWT (3,97) | SMD = − 0.16, 95%CI (− 1.23,0.90) | P = 0.003 | I2 = 82% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
SAFE (2,134) | SMD = − 0.63, 95%CI (− 0.98, − 0.27) | P = 0.78 | I2 = 99% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Stair climb test (2,53) | SMD = − 0.74, 95%CI (− 1.34, − 0.15) | P = 0.04 | I2 = 74% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Yanwei You 2021 [29] | Tai Chi vs Control group | 6MWT (5,273) | MD = 46.67, 95%CI (36.91,56.43) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 1% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 |
TUG (6,306) | MD = − 0.89, 95%CI (− 1.16, − 0.61) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 16% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
WOMAC physical function (8,443) | MD = − 11.28, 95%CI (− 13.33, − 9.24) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
Yingjie Zhang 2017 [30] | TCE vs. Control group | Pain (8,325) | SMD = − 0.77, 95%CI (− 1.13, − 0.41) | P < 0.0001 | I2 = 54% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 |
Physical function (8,325) | SMD = − 0.75, 95%CI (− 0.98, − 0.52) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 37% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
Stiffness (7,228) | SMD = − 0.56, 95%CI (− 0.96, − 0.16) | P = 0.006 | I2 = 51% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
SF-36 PCS (3,105) | SMD = 0.57, 95%CI (0.17,0.97) | P = 0.005 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
SF-36 MCS (3,105) | SMD = 4.12, 95%CI (− 0.50,8.73) | P = 0.08 | I2 = 52% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Zhi-peng Zeng 2020 [31] | Baduanjin vs. waiting list control | WOMAC pain (3,186) | MD = − 4.40, 95%CI (− 7.16, − 1.64) | P = 0.002 | I2 = 96% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 |
WOMAC stiffness (3,186) | MD = − 1.34, 95%CI (− 1.64, − 1.04) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 57% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
WOMAC physical function (3,186) | MD = − 2.44, 95%CI (− 4.33, − 0.55) | P = 0.01 | I2 = 85% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Baduanjin VShealth education | WOMAC pain (2,116) | MD = − 1.69, 95%CI (− 2.03, − 1.35) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | |
WOMAC stiffness (2,116) | MD = − 0.86, 95%CI (− 1.13, − 0.58) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
WOMAC physical function (2,116) | MD = − 2.23, 95%CI (− 3.65, − 0.82) | P = 0.002 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
ZENG Ling-feng 2018 [32] | TCE vs. Control group | WOMAC pain-short term (8,412) | SMD = − 1.40, 95%CI (− 2.28, − 0.52) | P = 0.002 | I2 = 93% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,4 |
WOMAC pain-long term (2,73) | SMD = − 0.29, 95%CI (− 1.06, − 0.48) | P = 0.46 | I2 = 62% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
WOMAC stiffness-short term (7,288) | SMD = − 0.48, 95%CI (− 0.87, − 0.08) | P = 0.02 | I2 = 61% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
WOMAC stiffness-long term (2,71) | SMD = 0.06, 95%CI (− 0.72,0.83) | P = 0.89 | I2 = 62% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
WOMAC physical function-short term (8,412) | SMD = − 1.92, 95%CI (− 3.16, − 0.68) | P = 0.002 | I2 = 96% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,4 | ||
WOMAC physical function-long term (2,71) | SMD = − 0.35, 95%CI (− 0.82, − 0.13) | P = 0.15 | I2 = 40% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,3,4 | ||
SF-36-short term (2,84) | SMD = 0.89, 95%CI (0.43, 1.35) | P = 0.0002 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | -1 | -1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,3,4 | ||
SF-36-long term (2,84) | SMD = 4.82, 95%CI (− 4.85, 14.49) | P = 0.33 | I2 = 74% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Li Ruojin 2021 [33] | TCE vs. Control group | WOMAC/KOOS pain (28,1800) | SMD = − 0.50, 95%CI (− 0.67, − 0.33) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 67% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,4 |
WOMAC/KOOS stiffness (26,1635) | SMD = − 0.59, 95%CI (− 0.82, − 0.37) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 79% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,4 | ||
WOMAC/KOOS physical function (28,1800) | SMD = − 0.71, 95%CI (− 0.89, − 0.53) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 71% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2 | ||
Li Zimeng 2020 [34] | Baduanjin.vs Control group | VAS/WOMAC pain (6,297) | SMD = − 1.50, 95%CI (− 2.43, − 0.58) | P = 0.001 | I2 = 90% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 |
Stiffness (4,170) | SMD = − 0.85, 95%CI (− 1.46, − 0.23) | P = 0.007 | I2 = 70% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Physical function (4,170) | SMD = − 1.28, 95%CI (− 2.45, − 0.10) | P = 0.03 | I2 = 91% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
6MWT (2,66) | SMD = 1.04, 95%CI (0.07, 2.02) | P = 0.03 | I2 = 68% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
WANG Li-dong 2022 [35] | WOMAC/KOOS pain (13,852) | SMD = − 0.84, 95%CI (− 1.10, − 0.58) | P < 0.05 | I2 = 63.6% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2, | |
Stiffness (13,852) | SMD = − 0.79, 95%CI (− 1.09, − 0.48) | P < 0.05 | I2 = 73.5% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2, | ||
Physical function (13,852) | SMD = − 0.88, 95%CI (− 1.19, − 0.57) | P < 0.05 | I2 = 74.1% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,2, | ||
TUG (5,246) | SMD = 0.6, 95%CI (0.11, 1.09) | P < 0.05 | I2 = 76.0% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
6 MWT(6,426) | SMD = − 0.65, 95%CI (− 0.91, − 0.38) | P < 0.05 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
LIU Wen-jun 2020 [36] | Tai Chi vs. Control group | WOMAC pain (9,499) | SMD = − 0.78, 95%CI (− 0.97, − 0.59) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 43% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 |
WOMAC stiffness (6,299) | SMD = − 0.78, 95%CI (− 1.24, − 0.32) | P = 0.0008 | I2 = 71% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
WOMAC physical function (7,371) | SMD = − 0.80, 95%CI (− 1.01, − 0.58) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 34% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
TUG (6,294) | SMD = − 0.56, 95%CI (− 1.00, − 0.12) | P = 0.01 | I2 = 69% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
6MWT (4,152) | SMD = 0.82, 95%CI (0.21, 1.44) | P = 0.009 | I2 = 68% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
XIA Lu-qin 2020 [37] | Tai Chi vs. Control group | WOMAC (8,374) | SMD = − 0.57, 95%CI (− 0.98, − 0.17) | P = 0.005 | I2 = 70% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 |
XIE Hui 2016 [38] | Tai Chi vs. Control group | Pain (11,477) | SMD = − 0.64, 95%CI (− 0.90, − 0.38) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 42% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 |
Physical function (10,465) | SMD = − 0.78, 95%CI (− 1.01, − 0.55) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 29% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯1 | ||
Stiffness (7,276) | SMD = − 0.89, 95%CI (− 1.43, − 0.35) | P = 0.001 | I2 = 77% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
TUG (4,235) | MD = − 1.61, 95%CI (− 3.18, − 0.04) | P = 0.04 | I2 = 90% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
STS (3,128) | MD = − 3.28, 95%CI (− 6.34, − 0.22) | P = 0.04 | I2 = 87% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
6MWT (7,326) | SMD = 0.71, 95%CI (0.24, 1.19) | P = 0.003 | I2 = 74% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Balance score (5,195) | SMD = 0.68, 95%CI (0.33, 1.102) | P = 0.0001 | I2 = 25% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
SF-12/36 (3,181) | SMD = 0.44, 95%CI (− 0.03, 0.90) | P = 0.07 | I2 = 53% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
XIE Yu 2015 [39] | Tai Chi vs. Control group | Pain (6,251) | SMD = − 0.73, 95%CI (− 0.99, − 0.47) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 39% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 |
Physical function (6,249) | SMD = − 0.76, 95%CI (− 1.02, − 0.50) | P < 0.00001 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
Stiffness (6,249) | SMD = − 0.72, 95%CI (− 1.24, − 0.20) | P = 0.007 | I2 = 74% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
Balance score (3,116) | SMD = 0.42, 95%CI (− 0.15, 1.00) | P = 0.15 | I2 = 58% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
SF-36 MCS (2,84) | SMD = 0.39, 95%CI (− 0.35, 1.14) | P = 0.30 | I2 = 64% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 | ||
SF-36 PCS (2,84) | SMD = 0.71, 95%CI (0.25, 1.16) | P = 0.002 | I2 = 18% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
6MWT (2,82) | SMD = 0.57, 95%CI (0.11, 1.02) | P = 0.01 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
BMI (2,83) | MD = − 0.13, 95%CI (− 0.46, 0.21) | P = 0.46 | I2 = 0% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
Muscle strength (extensor) (2,99) | SMD = 0.23, 95%CI (− 0.17, 0.63) | P = 0.26 | I2 = 35% | − 1 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯1,3 | ||
Muscle strength (flexor) (2,99) | SMD = 0.40, 95%CI (− 0.46, 01.25) | P = 0.36 | I2 = 75% | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯1,2,3 |